Как пишется казахстан по английски

From the s onward, ever-larger numbers of settlers from the Russian Empire began colonising the territory of present-day Kazakhstan, in particular the province of Semirechye.

The official response of the Assembly was that Kazakhstan could apply for full membership, because it is partially located in Europe [ citation needed ] , but that they would not be granted any status whatsoever at the Council until their democracy and human rights records improved.

The number of settlers rose still further once the Trans-Aral Railway from Orenburg to Tashkent was completed in Petersburg oversaw and encouraged the migration to expand Russian influence in the area. During the 19th century about , Russians immigrated to Kazakhstan, and about one million Slavs, Germans, Jews, and others immigrated to the region during the first third of the 20th century. The competition for land and water that ensued between the Kazakh and the newcomers caused great resentment against colonial rule during the final years of Tsarist Russia.

The most serious uprising, the Central Asian Revolt , occurred in The Kazakh attacked Russian and Cossack settlers and military garrisons. The revolt resulted in a series of clashes and in brutal massacres committed by both sides. Although Kazakhstan experienced a brief period of autonomy Alash Autonomy during the tumultuous period following the collapse of the Russian Empire, the Kazakhs eventually succumbed to Soviet rule.

In a vote held on 3 April , President Nazarbayev received On 26 April , the 5th presidential election was held in Kazakhstan.

Precipitation varies between arid and semi-arid conditions, the winter being particularly dry. There are ten nature reserves and ten national parks in Kazakhstan that provide safe haven for many rare and endangered plants and animals. Common plants are Astragalus , Gagea , Allium , Carex and Oxytropis ; endangered plant species include native wild apple Malus sieversii , wild grape Vitis vinifera and several wild tulip species e.

Deportees were interned in some of the biggest Soviet labour camps of the Gulag system, including ALZhIR camp outside Astana, which was reserved for the wives of men considered "enemies of the people. In , two years after the end of the war, the USSR founded its Semipalatinsk Test Site , the main national nuclear-weapon test-site , near the city of Semey.

Following the August aborted coup attempt in Moscow, Kazakhstan declared independence on 16 December , thus becoming the last Soviet republic to declare independence. Ten days later, the Soviet Union itself ceased to exist. As it extends across both sides of the Ural River , considered the dividing line with the European continent, Kazakhstan is one of only two landlocked countries in the world that has territory in two continents the other is Azerbaijan.

Tulipa greigii and rare onion species Allium karataviense , also Iris willmottiana and Tulipa kaufmanniana. Kazakhstan is divided into fourteen regions Kazakh: The regions are subdivided into districts Kazakh: The cities of Almaty and Astana have status "state importance" and do not belong to any region. The city of Baikonur has a special status because it is being leased until to Russia for the Baikonur cosmodrome. Each region is headed by an akim regional governor appointed by the president.

The steep canyon slopes, columns and arches rise to heights of between and metres and feet. The inaccessibility of the canyon provided a safe haven for a rare ash tree , Fraxinus sogdiana, that survived the Ice Age and is now also grown in some other areas. Indeed, Astana is the second coldest capital city in the world after Ulaanbaatar.

Majilis deputies and the government both have the right of legislative initiative, though the government proposes most legislation considered by the Parliament. Elections to the Majilis in September , yielded a lower house dominated by the pro-government Otan Party , headed by President Nazarbayev. Opposition parties, which were officially registered and competed in the elections, won a single seat during elections. The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe was monitoring the election, which it said fell short of international standards.

On 4 December , Nursultan Nazarbayev was re-elected in an apparent landslide victory. The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe OSCE concluded the election did not meet international standards despite some improvements in the administration of the election. Opposition parties made accusations of serious irregularities in the election. In , President Nazarbayev rejected a call from supporters to hold a referendum to keep him in office until He insisted on presidential elections for a five-year term.

Nevertheless, the region was the focus of ever-increasing disputes between the native Kazakh emirs and the neighbouring Persian-speaking peoples to the south. At its height the Khanate would rule parts of Central Asia and control Cumania.

Kazakhstan has been inhabited since the Paleolithic. The Kazakh territory was a key constituent of the Eurasian Steppe route , the ancestor of the terrestrial Silk Roads. Archaeologists believe that humans first domesticated the horse i. Central Asia was originally inhabited by the Scythians. The Cuman entered the steppes of modern-day Kazakhstan around the early 11th century, where they later joined with the Kipchak and established the vast Cuman-Kipchak confederation.

During the 17th century, the Kazakhs fought Oirats , a federation of western Mongol tribes, including the Dzungar. During this period the Little Horde participated in the — war against the Dzungar, following their "Great Disaster" invasion of Kazakh territories. Ablai Khan participated in the most significant battles against the Dzungar from the s to the s, for which he was declared a " batyr " "hero" by the people.

Kazakhstan has an estimated 18 million people as of [update]. The territory of Kazakhstan has historically been inhabited by Turkic nomads who trace their ancestry to many Turkic states such as Turkic Khaganate and etc. In the 13th century, the territory joined the Mongolian Empire under Genghis Khan. The Russians began advancing into the Kazakh steppe in the 18th century, and by the midth century, they nominally ruled all of Kazakhstan as part of the Russian Empire.

World War II led to an increase in industrialisation and mineral extraction in support of the war effort. In , Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev initiated the ambitious " Virgin Lands " program to turn the traditional pasture-lands of Kazakhstan into a major grain-producing region for the Soviet Union. The Virgin Lands policy brought mixed results. In the late 20th century, growing tensions within Soviet society led to an appetite for political and economic reforms, which came to a head in the s.

Though traditionally referring only to ethnic Kazakhs , including those living in China, Russia, Turkey, Uzbekistan and other neighbouring countries, the term "Kazakh" is increasingly being used to refer to any inhabitant of Kazakhstan, including non-Kazakhs.

Municipal akim s [ akimi? Kazakhstan is a unitary republic , its only President to date is Nursultan Nazarbayev. There are three deputy prime ministers and sixteen ministers in the Cabinet. Kazakhstan has a bicameral Parliament composed of the Majilis the lower house and Senate the upper house. The Senate has 47 members. The President appoints the remaining seven senators.

While located primarily in Asia, a small portion of Kazakhstan is also located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe. The steppe is characterised by large areas of grasslands and sandy regions.

Following the Russian Revolution , and subsequent civil war , the territory of Kazakhstan was reorganised several times. Kazakhstan was the last of the Soviet republics to declare independence during the dissolution of the Soviet Union in The current President , Nursultan Nazarbayev , has been leader of the country since then, and is characterised as authoritarian, with a government history of human rights abuses and suppression of political opposition.

These eventually came under the rule of the emergent Kazakh Khanate Kazakhstan. Throughout this period, traditional nomadic life and a livestock -based economy continued to dominate the steppe. In the 15th century, a distinct Kazakh identity began to emerge among the Turkic tribes, a process which was consolidated by the midth century with the appearance of the Kazakh language , culture, and economy.

Soviet repression of the traditional elite, along with forced collectivisation in the late s and s, brought famine and high fatalities, leading to unrest see also: Famine in Kazakhstan of — Estimates suggest that the population of Kazakhstan would be closer to 28—35 million [ when? In Kazakhstan became a Soviet republic. Millions of political prisoners and undesired ethnic groups were internally exiled to Kazakhstan from other parts of the Soviet Union during the s and s; many of the deportation victims were deported to Siberia or Kazakhstan merely due to their ethnic heritage or beliefs.

The Kazakh national movement, which began in the late 19th century, sought to preserve the native language and identity by resisting the attempts of the Russian Empire to assimilate and stifle them.

The Kazakh suffered from the frequent raids against them by the Volga Kalmyk. Also, the Emirate of Bukhara ruled Shymkent before the Russians took dominance. In the 19th century, the Russian Empire began to expand its influence into Central Asia. The " Great Game " period is generally regarded as running from approximately to the Anglo-Russian Convention of The tsars effectively ruled over most of the territory belonging to what is now the Republic of Kazakhstan.

While ancient cities Taraz Aulie-Ata and Hazrat-e Turkestan had long served as important way-stations along the Silk Road connecting Asia and Europe, true political consolidation began only with the Mongol rule of the early 13th century. Under the Mongol Empire , the largest in world history, administrative districts were established.

Political disunion, tribal rivalries, and the diminishing importance of overland trade routes between East and West weakened the Kazakh Khanate. Khiva Khanate used this opportunity and annexed Mangyshlak Peninsula. Uzbek rule there lasted two centuries until the Russian arrival.

Kazakhstan , officially the Republic of Kazakhstan Kazakh: Республика Казахстан , tr. It also has vast mineral resources. Kazakhstan is officially a democratic, secular, unitary, constitutional republic with a diverse cultural heritage. The terrain of Kazakhstan includes flatlands, steppe , taiga , rock canyons , hills , deltas , snow-capped mountains , and deserts.

The Russian Empire introduced a system of administration and built military garrisons and barracks in its effort to establish a presence in Central Asia in the so-called "Great Game" for dominance in the area against the British Empire , which was extending its influence from the south in India and Southeast Asia. Russia built its first outpost, Orsk , in Russia introduced the Russian language in all schools and governmental organisations. It had disrupted the traditional nomadic lifestyle and livestock-based economy, and people were suffering from hunger and starvation, with some Kazakh tribes being decimated.

This had catastrophic ecological and biological consequences that were felt generations later, and Kazakh anger toward the Soviet system escalated. Governmental troops suppressed the unrest, several people were killed, and many demonstrators were jailed. On 25 October , Kazakhstan declared its sovereignty on its territory as a republic within the Soviet Union.